Daily Weather Observations in Sixteenth-Century Europe     

Christian Pfister  Rudolf Brázdil  Rüdiger Glaser  Anita Bokwa  Franz Holawe  Danuta Limanowka  Oldřich Kotyza  Jan Munzar  Lajos Rácz  Elisabeth Strömmer  Gabriela Schwarz-Zanetti 《Climatic change》1999,43(1):111-150

Thirty-two weather diaries written in astronomical calendars in central Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are presented and discussed. Systematic weather observations were promoted by the rise of planetary astronomy and its application in astro-meteorology. The practice of keeping weather diaries spread from Cracow (Poland) to Ingolstadt (Germany) and from there to other universities. The data obtained from these sources provided the backbone for setting up series of precipitation indices for Poland, Germany and Switzerland. Monthly statistics of days with precipitation, snowfall and frost were computed by counting the relevant entries in the most important diaries. The results were compared with either those obtained from instrumental measurements in the same place or with those from modern instrumental measurements in a neighbouring place. The final results show that autumn was considerably colder in the early sixteenth century. April was considerably drier and July was wetter during the period 1508-1531 than during 1901-1960. In order to highlight the impact of weather patterns on grain prices in a year of crisis, the timing of wet and dry spells in southern Poland and southern Germany is compared for the year 1529. Winters became 1.7°C colder from 1564 to 1576 and the month of July tended to be wetter than in 1901-1960. Details noted in the diaries kept between 1585 and 1600 by the astronomers Brahe (near Copenhagen) and Fabricius (in the Ostfriesland region of northwestern Germany) closely agree. It rained more often in June and July and temperatures dropped. The winter months were more frequently dominated by winds from easterly directions, the frequency of snowfall was higher and a deficit occurred in precipitation. This points to a higher frequency of high pressure in the Fennoscandian area with cold air advection from the east or northeast.  相似文献   

Zum saprobiologischen Zustand der mittleren Elbe     

G. Rudolf  E. Weber 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1976,4(6):557-564

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Climate in the Czech Lands during the 1780s in Light of the Daily Weather Records of Parson Karel Bernard Hein of Hodonice (Southwestern Moravia): Comparison of Documentary and Instrumental Data   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Rudolf Brázdil  Hubert Valášek  Jarmila Macková 《Climatic change》2003,60(3):297-327

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Paralytic shellfish toxins in green-lipped mussels,Perna viridis,in Hong Kong     

Mak KC  Li AM  Hsieh DP  Wong PS  Lam MH  Wu RS  Richardson BJ  Lam PK 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,46(2):258-263

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Buchbesprechungen     

F. Klötzli  Rudolf Koblet  Chr Zimmermann 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1978,40(2):384-386

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Zur geomagnetischen Tiefensondierung     

Gerhard Fanselau  Rudolf Treumann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1966,65(1):54-72

Zusammenfassung Eine Kurvenvergleichsmethode zur Interpretation räumlicher Induktions-pfeilprofile wird unter der Voraussetzung entwickelt, dass die Verteilung der von den geomagnetischen Variationen im Erdinnern induzierten Ströme linear ist. Sie gründet sich auf die lineare Abhängigkeit der Länge des Induktionspfeils von der vertikalen Komponente des Biot-Savartschen Gesetzes. Die Frequenzabhängigkeit des Induktionspfeiles ermöglicht die Angabe eines für die Leitfähigkeitsstruktur charakteristischen Widerstandes und einer Induktivität. Wird zur Bestimmung von Induktionspfeilen das gesamte Horizontalfeld benutzt, so geht die Linearität der Beziehung zwischen Pfeillänge und Ortsfunktion verloren. Für eine Reihe von Strommodellen werden derartige Ortsfunktionenp _z berechnet und diskutiert. Sie dienen als Beispiele von Musterkurven für die entwickelte Interpretationsmethode.

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Summary One curve-matching method is developed in order to interprete the geomagnetic induction arrow profiles when the distribution of telluric currents in the underground is assumed to be linear. It bases on the linear dependence of the lengths of the induction arrows from the vertical component of the Biot-Savarts Law, which is a function of the radius vector. This is valid when the inducing field has only a horizontal component and the induced horizontal field is zero. In case that the model approximates the current distribution one gets a resistivity and an inductivity from the dependence of frequency of the induction arrows. Some model curves concerning several current distributions are drawn and discussed.

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Mitteilung aus dem Geomagnetischen Institut der DAW, Potsdam, Nr. 212.  相似文献   

Isotopic age and metamorphic history of the banded gneiss at Danmarkshavn,East Greenland     

Rudolf H. Steiger  Gorica Harnik-Šoptrajanova  Emil Zimmermann  Niels Henriksen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1976,57(1):1-24

Along the northern part of the East Greenland coast the Caledonian structures are superimposed on an older fold system called the Carolinidian. Traces of this Carolinidian belt are preserved in a few isolated fragments within the Caledonian fold belt. According to Haller (1970) one of these fragments exhibiting the typical Carolinidian NNW to NW-trending infrastructural folds is the peninsula of Germania Land which is accessible near the Danish weather station Danmarkshavn. The rock sampled there is a banded gneiss of granodioritic composition with steeply inclined, NNW-trending layers. Isotopic age determinations yielded essentially two groups of ages: 1) 3,000±150 m.y. (zircon suite and Rb/Sr whole rock analyses of layers) and 2) 320–380 m.y. (Rb/Sr mineral isochrons, U-Th-Pb on sphene, K/Ar on hornblende and biotite). The egg-shaped zircons support a sedimentary origin of the banded gneiss and in conjunction with the Rb/Sr whole rock ages determine the age of formation of the banded gneiss (or its last high grade metamorphism) some 3,000 m.y. ago. No other Precambrian metamorphism or orogeny is recorded in the rock. The ages between 320–380 m.y. date a thermal event of lower amphibolite facies grade related to a late Caledonian spasm.The new isotopic data reveal the existence of very old rocks in the hinterland — away from the direction of thrusting—of the East Greenland Caledonian belt. With respect to the age of the Carolinidian fold system three geological interpretations are compatible with the results of this study:

1.	the Carolinidian fold system formed approximately 3,000 m.y. ago;
2.	the banded gneiss represents part of an old basement: the Carolinidian orogeny is younger than 3,000 m.y. Its marked structural imprint on the Danmarkshavn area was accompanied by very low grade metamorphism not recognised in the isotopic record;
3.	the fold structures observed in the Danmarkshavn area are not of Carolinidian age but belong to an earlier fold system preserved in the basement.

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IV. Bücher- und Zeitschriftenschau     

Dr. S. von Bubnoff  Sal  Rüger  C. Gagel  Wcks  Rudolf Hundt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1921,11(5-6):267-274

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Bücher- und Zeitschriftenschau     

Otto Wilckens  Wilckens  Leuchs  Rudolf Leutelt  W. Salomon 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1930,21(3):201-205

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Zum Vortrag von Herrn Dr. Breddin: Löß, Flugsand und Niederterrasse im Niederrheingebiet,ein Beitrag zur Frage der Entstehung des Löß     

Rudolf Grahmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1927,18(4):298-299

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